TANZANIA:
MAADHIMISHO YA MIAKA 58 YA UHURU WA TANGANYIKA
Maadhimisho
ya miaka 58 ya uhuru wa Tanganyika yamefanyika leo mjini Mwanza na kuhudhuriwa
na rais John Pombe Magufuli. Kwa mara ya kwanza chama cha upinzani Chadema pia
kimeshiriki kwenye maadhimisho hayo.
Chama
kikuu cha upinzani nchini Tanzania, Chadema kwa mara ya kwanza leo kinashiriki
sherehe za maadhimisho ya miaka 58 ya Uhuru wa Tanganyika ikiwa ni hatua ya
aina yake. Chama hicho kimekuwa kikisusia sherehe hizo tangu mwaka 2015
ulipofanyika uchaguzi mkuu kama ishara ya kupinga matokeo ya urais wa wakati
huo.
Kushiriki
kwa Chadema kwenye sherehe hizi kunatuma ujumbe mpya kuhusu siasa za Tanzania
hasa wakati ambapo hamasa ya kuelekea kwenye uchaguzi mkuu ujao wa mwaka 2020
ikiwa ni mada inayojadiliwa na kila chama.
Chadema
ambayo imekuwa ikisizusia sherehe hizi inajumuika na viongozi wa serikali na
wale wa chama tawala cha CCM katika wakati ambapo vigogo wakuu waliojiunga na
chama hicho wakati wa vuguvugu la uchaguzi uliopita wakiwa wamejiondoa ndani ya
chama hicho wengine wakirejea kwenye chama chao kilichowakuza CCM.
Ingawa
hatua hii ya Chadema kushiriki kwa mara ya kwanza tangu ulipomalizika uchaguzi
uliopita, imewavutia wengi wakidadisi sababu zilizopo nyuma ya pazia, hata
hivyo baadhi ya wachambuzi wa mambo wanasema kuwa huenda chama hiki kinaanza
kuweka mguu sawa kuelekea uchaguzi ujao.
Baadhi
ya watumbuizaji wakati wa maadhimisho ya miaka 58 ya uhuru wa Tanganyika
Hoja
hiyo inapata mashiko na kauli ya chama hicho kinachosema kwamba hakioni sababu
ya kuendelea kujiweka kando na sherehe hizo kwa vile kinajiandaa kushika dola
katika uchaguzi ujao. Mkurugenzi wa itifaki na mambo ya nje ya chama hicho,
John Mrema, amesema suala la chama hicho kuamua kushiriki sherehe za mwaka huu
ni tafsiri inayoakisi mwelekeo mpya wa chama hicho kuelekea siasa za usoni.
Wakati
Chadema kikijumuika na viongozi wengine wa chama na chama tawala, CCM kwenye
maadhimisho hayo, chama kingine cha upinzani ACT-Walendo kimesusia sherehe hizo
kwa madai kuwa hakioni sababu ya kushiriki wakati hakuna uhuru wa maoni,
demokrasia kuzidi kubanwa na vyama vya upinzani kuendelea kuandamwa na dola.
Afisa
habari wa chama hicho, Suphiani Juma amesema hizo ni baadhi ya sababu za msingi
zinazokifanya chana hicho kususia sherehe hizo.
Katika sherehe hizi, Chadema imeongozwa na
mwenyekiti wake, Freeman Mbowe aliyeambatana na wabunge kadhaa.
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Siasa na Ukoloni
Karne kadhaa kabla ya mwaka huu, Tanganyika
ilikuwa koloni ya Urenu kuanzia karne ya 15 had ya 17, ambapo Sultan wa Oman
akashika nchi. Baada ya hapo, Ujerumani iliongeza Tanganyika katika orodha yake
ya wakoloni mpaka Vita Kuu 1. Baada ya hapo, Uingereza uliiweka chini ya
uongozi wa Shirikisho la Mataifa. Hata hivyo, Taganyika ilipata uhuru wake
Desemba 9 mwaka 1961 kutoka kwa ukoloni wa Waingereza. Ila, chakushangaza
kidogo ni kwamba siku hii ndio iliyokubalika kama siku ya uhuru ya Tanzania,
wakati Tanzania haikuwepo had Aprili 26th 1964.
Ingawa matukio haya ni muhimu katika historia
ya Tanzania, kuna mengine kama:
1967 – Kwenye Maadhimisha ya Arusha, Nyerere
alianzisha rasmi mchakato wa ujamaa na uchumi wa kujitegemea
1977 – Chama Cha Mapinduzi linaundwa baada ya
TANU na ASP kuungana.
1978 – Majeshi ya Uganda yanaingia na kutawala
kipande cha nchi.
1979 – Majeshi ya Tanzania yanaingia Uganda,
yakikamata Kampala, mji mkuu, na kusaidia kumtoa Rais Idi amin
1985 – Nyere anastaafu na Rais wa Zanzibar,
Ali Hassan Mwinyi, anakuwa Rais wa Tanzania.
1992 – Katiba inarekebishwa kuruhusu mfumo wa
vyama vingi vya siasa
1995 – Uchaguzi wa kwanza wa vyama vingi
unafanyika
Historia ya Kiasili na
Utamaduni
Olduvai Gorge
Kuna uhusiano gani kati ya mkonge na Olduvai
Gorge? Zote zipo kwenye maeneo ambapo ushaidi wa mababu wa kwanza kwa binadamu,
upo. Jina la Olduvai Gorge, ambayo ni ukosefu wa kuandika Oldupai ambayo ni
jina la mimea ya mkonge yanayoota hapo, uligunduliwa na Loui na Mary Leakey
kati ya miaka ya 1930 – 1950. Sasa, hii inamaanisha kwamba mababu ya binadamu
walikuwa watanzania? Huwezi jua!
Makabila
Tanzania ina zaidi ya makabila 120 na ilipata
uhuru bila damu kumwagika.
Kati ya makabila haya, 4 zinajulikana zaidi ya
zingine kwa zababu tofauti, zikiwemo:
·
Wasukuma, kabila kubwa zaidi Tanzania
·
Wachagga, kabila inayojulikana kwa kufanya biashara
·
Wamakonde, kabila inayojulikana kwa vinyago vya mbao
·
Wamasai, wapiganaji hodari na wafugaji.
Lugha
Kiswahili ni mchanganyiko wa lahaja za kibantu
pamoja na kiarabu. Nyerere alikuwa mpiga debe mkubwa wa Swahili na ikawa lugha
ya taifa ya Tanzania. Hii imesaidia kuweka umoja kwenye nchi ilio na zaidi ya
kabila 120, zote zikiwa na lugha yao.
Salamu na kusalimiana ni kitu muhimu kwenye
utamaduni wa Tanzania. Iwe unaingia ofisini, umeenda dukani au unakutana na
marafiki, kusalimiana na ulionao au walio karibu nawe ni muhimu. Pia, ‘Jambo’
sio salamu inayotumika Tanzania. Salamu ya kawaida ni Habari/Habari yako/Habari
za saa hizi. Salamu zisizo rasmi ni kama Mambo/Mambo vipi?/kwema?/ Salama?
Nguo na Vitambaa Asili
Tanzania ina aina mbili za mavazi
zinazojulikana kokote nchini.
Kanga ni
kitambaa cha pamba linalo valiwa na wanawake, iki fungwa kiunoni kwenda chini.
Asili yake ni ni kutoka wanawake wa Zanzibar katika karne ya 19. Ni nyepesi,
yenye rangirangi na inamatumizi mengi kama taulo, scafu ya kichwani na
mengineyo. Umaarufu wake umekuwa na siku hizi ni kawaida kukuta methali ikiwa
imeandikwa kwenye kanga.
Kitenge,ina
rangi kali na nzitu zinazoendana na michoro yaliyomo. Tofauti kubwa kati ya
kitenge na n kanga ni kwamba kitenge ni nzito zaidi. Pia, siku hizi bukta,
mashati na t-shirt za kitenge zimeenea mjini. Zaidi ya hapo, mitindo ya vitenge
vimeanze kuonekana kwenye dunia ya mitindo na mavazi.
Jiografia
Tanzania inajisifia sana kwa kuwa ina Mlima
Kilimanjaro, mlima mrefu kuliko zote Africa na Ziwa Viktoria, ziwa inyokwenda
chini kuliko yote. Kuelewa ukubwa wa Tanzania vizuri, iko mpakani na Kenya na
Uganda (Kaskazini); Burundi, Rwanda na DRC (Magharibi) na Msumbiji, Zambia na
Malawi (Kusini). Ongezea bahari la India lilo pwani, na utaanza kuelewa ukubwa
wa Tanzania.
Ukipata muda, funga safari za kwenda
Kilimanjaro kutoka Dar es Salaam ukisindikizwa na milima ya Usambara, kwa mfano.
Kun mengi ya kuona!
Nchi ya Amani
Kuanzia siasa na watu wake, ardhi na lugha,
historia ya Tanzania ina mambo mengi. Kwa ujumla, watanzania ni watu tulivu
wenye heshima na uvumulivu. Nchi hii imetoka mbali na inajiendeleza polepole
ila vizuri. Ila kuna matatizo makubwa mbali mbali. Lakini, kwa kifupui nchi
inaendelea vizuri.
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The History of Tanzania started with the
European Colonialists. The 8th century saw the growth of
city states along the coast after settlement by Arabs as a nation from Oman. It
was seven centuries later in 1499 that the Portuguese navigator Vasco
da Gama visited the island of Zanzibar. Another 100 years later in
the 16th century, the Portuguese occupied Zanzibar. Their occupation did not
last for long as in 1699 the Portuguese were ousted from Zanzibar by Arabs of
Oman who had returned to make it their own. So in the 18th century
the Sultan of Oman reasserted Arab overlord ship of the East African
coast, which became subordinate to Zanzibar.
By 1840 when Sultan Seyyid bin
Sultan moved his capital from Oman to Zanzibar, trade in slaves and ivory
flourished. In 1861, the Sultanates of Zanzibar and Oman separated on the
death of Seyyid. During the 19th century, Europeans started to explore inland,
closely followed by Christian missionaries. In 1884 the German
Colonization Society began to acquire territory on the mainland in
defiance of Zanzibar and 1890 Britain obtained protectorate status over Zanzibar,
abolished the slave trade, and recognised German claims to the Mainland. German
East Africa was formally established as a colony in 1897.
The 1905-07 Majimaji revolt was
brutally suppressed by German troops. World events then took over with the
outbreak of the First World War, and far as it was from Europe, German East
Africa was not immune from the fighting, though effective fighting was short
lived due to the successful 1916 Conquest of German East Africa by the British.
In 1919, the League of Nations gave Britain a mandate to administer part of
German East Africa, known as Tanganyika. In 1946 Tanganyika became a UN
trust territory.
A Legislative Council was set up in 1926; it
was enlarged in 1945 and restructured in 1955 to give equal representation to
Africans, Asians and Europeans, sitting as 30 "'un-officials" with
the 31 "officials". In 1954, a schoolteacher, Julius Nyerere, founded
the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), which promoted African
nationalism and won a large public following campaigning for independence. The
colonial authorities responded with constitutional changes increasing the voice
of the African population while reserving seats for minority communities.
Elections were held in 1958 and again in 1960.
The result was an overwhelming victory for TANU, which was by this time
campaigning for independence as well as majority rule. The new government and
British Government agreed at a constitutional conference in London to full
independence for Tanganyika in December 1961. Zanzibar achieved independence in
1963 as a separate and sovereign country, under the al-Busaidy Sultan.
Tanganyika became a republic in December 1962,
one year after achieving independence, and the direct presidential election
brought TANU’s leader, Julius Nyerere, to the presidency. In 1965 the
Constitution was changed to establish a one-party system. Meanwhile, in
Zanzibar, a revolution had overthrown the Arab Sultan on 12th January
1964. One month after independence the Constitution was abrogated; Abedi
Amani Karume was declared the first African President of Peoples’ Republic
of Zanzibar and the country became a one-party state under the Afro-Shirazi
Party.
On 26th April 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar
united as the United Republic of Tanzania, with Julius Nyerere as
President and the head of state, while Karume as his Vice President, retained
at the same time the Presidency of Zanzibar. In 1971 Karume was assassinated in
Zanzibar and Aboud Jumbe succeeded him as President of Zanzibar and
Vice President of Tanzania. The political union between Zanzibar and mainland
Tanzania has weathered more than four decades of change. Zanzibar has its own
parliament and president.
In an effort to create socially equitable and
rapid development, it became in early proponent of African
socialism, Ujamaa (roughly meaning Togetherness), launched in 1967
under the banner of Arusha Declaration, with nationalisation of banking,
finance, industry and large-scale trade, marketing through boards, and the
resettlement of peasants in communal villages, Vijiji vya Ujamaa ,
created out of large estates.
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